几种常用益生元不同配伍对 三株益生菌体外生长的调节作用

目的探讨几种常用益生元经过不同配伍组合后对3种常用益生菌体外生长的调节作用。方法使用基础培养基分别培养3株益生菌,观察不同益生元配伍组合对3株益生菌的体外调节作用。依据不同的益生元组分配伍以及浓度制作含不同益生元组分的基础培养基体外培养3株益生菌,分别在培养的0、6、12、18和24h取样进行平板活菌计数同时观察菌体形态。配置不同浓度的含葡萄糖基础培养基作为对照,研究不同益生元组分配伍组合对3株益生菌体外生长的调节作用。结果低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖(组合2-0.5%)配伍以及低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖(组合4-1.0%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖(组合4-0.5%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对乳双歧杆菌HN019活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖(组合2-1.0%)配伍以及低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、水苏糖(组合3-0.5%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对乳双歧杆菌Bi-07活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。结论低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚木糖组合对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019的增殖具有促进作用。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚异麦芽糖组合对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌Bi-07的增殖具有促进作用。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和水苏糖组合对乳双歧杆菌Bi-07的增殖具有促进作用。     

舌苔细菌PCR-DGGE分析条件的建立与优化

目的针对口腔舌苔细菌16S rDNA序列进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)适用序列的筛选及电泳条件的优化。方法以DGGE图谱的高分辨率为指标,选择舌苔细菌DGGE分离最适的16S rDNA高变区、电泳电压和电泳时间,并采用优化的条件分析健康青年人舌苔细菌群落的分布。结果舌苔细菌16S rDNA V3高变区引物序列能获得更加丰富清晰的DGGE条带;基于该区,当变性剂浓度为30%～60%、电泳温度60℃、电压60 V和电泳时间14 h时能得到分辨率最佳的DGGE图谱。运用此优化条件对12个样本舌苔细菌群落的分析表明,舌苔微生物主要由厚壁菌门、梭杆菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门等组成。优化后的DGGE技术对舌苔细菌多样性的分析具有准确性、灵敏性和可重复性。结论 DGGE图谱显示,不同分析条件对图谱类型和细菌多样性指数均有所差异。利用优化的DGGE条件能有效分离舌苔细菌16S rDNA V3区序列,为口腔微生物群落结构分析提供可靠的技术支持,也为其他不同生态细菌的多样性分析提供参考。     

不同碳源对须糖多孢菌生长发育及丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成的影响

本文研究了不同碳源对须糖多孢菌生长以及丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成的影响,通过寻找优势碳源优化发酵培养基配方,促进须糖多孢菌丁烯基多杀菌素的生物合成。试验共设11个处理,1个对照,通过单因素试验比较不同处理组菌体OD600值和丁烯基多杀菌素产量,筛选获得最优碳源及其发酵培养基配方。结果表明,除可溶性淀粉和木糖外,须糖多孢菌在9种碳源中都能进行生长,对不同构型碳源显示较好的利用率。在以半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖和甘露糖作为碳源时具有较好的生长速率,而以甘露糖为碳源时能显著促进丁烯基多杀菌素的合成。选择甘露糖最佳添加浓度为5 g/L,须糖多孢菌最高菌体浓度和丁烯基多杀菌素产量分别是初始配方条件的1. 32倍和1. 78倍,显著提高了丁烯基多杀菌素的产量。上述结果为培养基碳源对丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成影响机制的研究及丁烯基多杀菌素大规模工业化发酵生产提供了科学依据和新的技术途径。     

Performance criteria for generating predictive optimal control simulations of bicycle pedaling

The purpose of this study was to identify one or more performance-based criteria that may be used to generate predictive optimal control simulations of submaximal pedaling. Two-legged pedaling simulations were generated based on minimizing muscle activation, muscle stress, metabolic energy, time derivative of muscle force, and minimizing metabolic energy while pedaling smoothly. The simulations based on minimizing muscle activation and muscle stress most closely matched experimental pedaling data, with the activation criterion better matching experimental muscle activation timing. We conclude that predictive simulations of submaximal pedaling may be generated using a cost function based on minimizing muscle activation.     

Varied approach of using MSCs for bovine embryo in vitro culture

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) secreted factors on bovine in vitro embryo development by using MSCs in different culture systems: SOF medium, SOF medium conditioned by MSCs in monolayer and in reverse drop and by embryo culture in co-culture with MSCs. Statistically highly significant differences were noted between the number of blastocysts derived cultures in all tested culture systems. The in vitro culture in SOF turned out to be the most optimal. Statistically highly significant differences were observed in the number of blastocyst obtained between SOF and SOF in co-culture with MSCs (p?<?0.0001), and between SOF and SOF conditioned (monolayer and drop) (p?<?0.00001). The trials to produce blastocysts in SOF conditioned by MSCs in reverse drops and monolayer failed. The blastocysts were obtained and analysed by TUNEL only in two out of four experimental groups: SOF and SOF in co-culture with MSCs. There were no significant differences between any of analysed blastocysts’ groups neither in the total number of nuclei nor in the apoptotic features. Neither medium conditioning by MSCs in monolayer and in reverse drop nor embryo culture in co-culture with MSC turned out to be effective.     

Production of recombinant beta-amylase of Bacillus aryabhattai

In this study, the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, and metal ions on cell growth and Bacillus aryabhattai β-amylase production in recombinant Brevibacillus choshinensis were investigated. The optimal medium for β-amylase production, containing glucose (7.5?g·L^?1), pig bone peptone (40.0?g·L^?1), Mg²⁺ (0.05?mol·L^?1), and trace metal elements, was determined through single-factor experiments in shake flasks. When cultured in the optimized medium, the β-amylase yield reached 925.4?U mL^?1, which was 7.2-fold higher than that obtained in the initial medium. Besides, a modified feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermentor fed with glucose, which achieved a dry cell weight of 15.4?g L^?1. Through this cultivation approached 30?°C with 0?g·L^?1 initial glucose concentration, the maximum β-amylase activity reached 5371.8?U mL^?1, which was 41.7-fold higher than that obtained with the initial medium in shake flask.     

Big‐sized trees overrule remaining trees' attributes and species richness as determinants of aboveground biomass in tropical forests

Large‐diameter, tall‐stature, and big‐crown trees are the main stand structures of forests, generally contributing a large fraction of aboveground biomass, and hence play an important role in climate change mitigation strategies. Here, we hypothesized that the effects of large‐diameter, tall‐stature, and big‐crown trees overrule the effects of species richness and remaining trees attributes on aboveground biomass in tropical forests (i.e., we term the “big‐sized trees hypothesis”). Specifically, we assessed the importance of: (a) the “top 1% big‐sized trees effect” relative to species richness; (b) the “99% remaining trees effect” relative to species richness; and (c) the “top 1% big‐sized trees effect” relative to the “99% remaining trees effect” and species richness on aboveground biomass. Using environmental factor and forest inventory datasets from 712 tropical forest plots in Hainan Island of southern China, we tested several structural equation models for disentangling the relative effects of big‐sized trees, remaining trees attributes, and species richness on aboveground biomass, while considering for the full (indirect effects only) and partial (direct and indirect effects) mediation effects of climatic and soil conditions, as well as interactions between species richness and trees attributes. We found that top 1% big‐sized trees attributes strongly increased aboveground biomass (i.e., explained 55%–70% of the accounted variation) compared to species richness (2%–18%) and 99% remaining trees attributes (6%–10%). In addition, species richness increased aboveground biomass indirectly via increasing big‐sized trees but via decreasing remaining trees. Hence, we show that the “big‐sized trees effect” overrides the effects of remaining trees attributes and species richness on aboveground biomass in tropical forests. This study also indicates that big‐sized trees may be more susceptible to atmospheric drought. We argue that the effects of big‐sized trees on species richness and aboveground biomass should be tested for better understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying forest functioning.     

The mesenchymal stem cell secretome: A new paradigm towards cell-free therapeutic mode in regenerative medicine

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been shown to be a promising candidate for cell-based therapy. The therapeutic potential of MSCs, towards tissue repair and wound healing is essentially based on their paracrine effects. Numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies of MSCs have yielded encouraging results. Further, these cells have been shown to be relatively safe for clinical applications. MSCs harvested from numerous anatomical locations including the bone marrow, adipose tissue, Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord etc., display similar immunophenotypic profiles. However, there is a large body of evidence showing that MSCs secrete a variety of biologically active molecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines. Despite the similarity in their immunophenotype, the secretome of MSCs appears to vary significantly, depending on the age of the host and niches where the cells reside. Thus, by implication, proteomics-based profiling suggests that the therapeutic potential of the different MSC populations must also be different. Analysis of the secretome points to its influence on varied biological processes such as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, tissue repair, immunomodulation, wound healing, anti-fibrotic and anti-tumour for tissue maintenance and regeneration. Though MSC based therapy has been shown to be relatively safe, from a clinical standpoint, the use of cell-free infusions can altogether circumvent the administration of viable cells for therapy. Understanding the secretome of in vitro cultured MSC populations, by the analysis of the corresponding conditioned medium, will enable us to evaluate its utility as a new therapeutic option. This review will focus on the accumulating evidence that points to the therapeutic potential of the conditioned medium, both from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Finally, this review will emphasize the importance of profiling the conditioned medium for assessing its potential for cell-free therapy therapy.     

Leveraging plant hydraulics to yield predictive and dynamic plant leaf allocation in vegetation models with climate change

Plant functional traits provide a link in process‐based vegetation models between plant‐level physiology and ecosystem‐level responses. Recent advances in physiological understanding and computational efficiency have allowed for the incorporation of plant hydraulic processes in large‐scale vegetation models. However, a more mechanistic representation of water limitation that determines ecosystem responses to plant water stress necessitates a re‐evaluation of trait‐based constraints for plant carbon allocation, particularly allocation to leaf area. In this review, we examine model representations of plant allocation to leaves, which is often empirically set by plant functional type‐specific allometric relationships. We analyze the evolution of the representation of leaf allocation in models of different scales and complexities. We show the impacts of leaf allocation strategy on plant carbon uptake in the context of recent advancements in modeling hydraulic processes. Finally, we posit that deriving allometry from first principles using mechanistic hydraulic processes is possible and should become standard practice, rather than using prescribed allometries. The representation of allocation as an emergent property of scarce resource constraints is likely to be critical to representing how global change processes impact future ecosystem dynamics and carbon fluxes and may reduce the number of poorly constrained parameters in vegetation models.